PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying the DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying the DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Student Name

Capella University

PSYC FPX 3110 Abnormal Psychology

Prof. Name:

Date

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• What is OCD?
  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by the presence of both obsessions and compulsions, with compulsions intended to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsessions.

• Obsessions: Persistent, intrusive thoughts that are harmful and uncontrollable.

• Compulsions: Actions performed to alleviate the anxiety or discomfort caused by the obsessions.

Statistics

• 1.2% of adults in the U.S.
• 1 in 100 children
• More common in females
• The average age of onset is 19.5 years
• Most cases begin by age 14, and it is unusual for OCD to develop after age 35.

Famous People Diagnosed with OCD

• Howie Mandel
• Megan Fox
• Billy Bob Thornton
• Jennifer Love Hewitt

The History of OCD

• In the 17th century, OCD was associated with religious melancholy.
• By the 19th century, the understanding of OCD shifted from religious to medical explanations.
• In the 20th century, psychological theories became prominent in explaining OCD.
• In 1994, the DSM-IV classified OCD as an anxiety disorder.
• The DSM-V introduced changes to the classification of OCD.

Theories: What Causes OCD?

Biological Perspective

• Genetic predisposition
• Brain dysfunction or neural plasticity
• Abnormalities in neurotransmitters or hormone regulation

Psychological Perspective

• Learned behaviors
• Avoidance learning
• Cognitive-behavioral model, emphasizing dysfunctional beliefs and appraisals

Changes in Diagnosis

Advances in Treatment of OCD

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Exposure Therapy
• Response Prevention Therapy
• Telehealth CBT
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

What Led to Changes in the DSM?

• Earlier models grouped disorders with anxiety symptoms together.
• Disorders are now grouped based on their relationship with one another, such as similar symptoms, comorbidities, onset, progression, risk factors, and treatment responses.

Support for Changes in Treatment

• Benefits of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)
  • 2/3 of patients experience improvement
  • 1/3 fully recover
  • Patients prefer ERP
  • ERP can be applied in various settings
  • It improves the quality of life
  • It reduces the need for medication
  • Medication does not affect ERP results

Conclusion

• The new classification aids in diagnosing OCD.
• Grouping OCD with related disorders has its benefits.
• OCD is now considered highly treatable.
• Future developments in treatment and classification are anticipated.

References

Abramowitz, J. S., Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., & Buchholz, J. L. (2018). New directions in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of OCD: Theory, research, and practice. Behavior Therapy, 49(3), 311.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.

Atmaca, M., Yildirim, H., Ozdemir, H., Tezcan, E., & Poyraz, A. K. (2007). Volumetric MRI study of key brain regions implicated in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31(1), 46-52.

Barrera, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2011). The appraisal of intrusive thoughts in relation to obsessional-compulsive symptoms. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(2), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2010.545072

Browne, H. A., Gair, S. L., Scharf, J. M., & Grice, D. E. (2014). Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.002

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying the DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Fornaro, M., Gabrielli, F., Albano, C., Fornaro, S., Rizzato, S., Matei, C., Solano, P., Vinciguerra, V., & Fornaro, P. (2009). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders: A comprehensive survey. Annals of General Psychiatry, 8, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-8-13

Hezel, D. M., & Simpson, H. B. (2019). Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(Suppl 1), S85–S92. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_516_18

Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., & Nock, M. K. (2019). Abnormal psychology (18th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

Kellner, M. (2010). Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(2), 187–197.

Lack, C. W. (2012). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence-based treatments and future directions for research. World Journal of Psychiatry, 2(6), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v2.i6.86

Leckman, J. F., Denys, D., Simpson, H. B., Mataix-Cols, D., Hollander, E., Saxena, S., Miguel, E. C., Rauch, S. L., Goodman, W. K., Phillips, K. A., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review of the diagnostic criteria and possible subtypes and dimensional specifiers for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 507–527. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20669

PSYC FPX 3110 Assessment 4 Applying the DSM Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Mandel, H., & Young, J. (2010). Here’s the deal: Don’t touch me. Bantam.

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2017). Mental health information and statistics. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd.shtml

Stanford Medicine. (n.d.). Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: OCD program. History. Retrieved from http://med.stanford.edu/ocd/treatment/history.html

Stein, D. J., Fineberg, N. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Denys, D., Lochner, C., Nestadt, G., Leckman, J. F., Rauch, S. L., & Phillips, K. A. (2010). Should OCD be classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20699