NR 293 Final Exam Concept Review Pathophysiology

NR 293 Final Exam Concept Review Pathophysiology

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Chamberlain University

NR-293: Pharmacology for Nursing Practice

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Date

Gastrointestinal Conditions: Causes, Signs, and Symptoms

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm. Factors contributing to this condition include a short esophagus, trauma, or weakened muscles. Patients often experience symptoms such as heartburn, belching, discomfort while lying down, and pain behind the breastbone.

Chronic Gastritis

Chronic gastritis involves inflammation of the stomach lining caused by factors such as Helicobacter pylori infections, NSAID use, alcohol consumption, microorganisms, and allergies. The symptoms commonly include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting (potentially with blood), and abdominal pain.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic ulcer disease is characterized by ulcer formation in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. The primary causes include Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAID use, or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Symptoms typically involve pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

NR 293 Final Exam Concept Review: Pathophysiology

Inflammatory and Obstructive Conditions

Crohn’s Disease

This chronic inflammatory bowel disease can affect any part of the digestive tract and is marked by the presence of ulcers. Symptoms include non-bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, malabsorption, and weight loss.

Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon and rectum, progressing upward from the rectum. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, tenesmus (persistent urge to have a bowel movement), and fever.

Appendicitis

Appendicitis refers to the inflammation of the appendix, often due to obstruction, infection, or reduced blood supply (ischemia). Common symptoms include upper abdominal pain shifting to the right lower quadrant, tenderness, and fever. Prompt medical attention and surgical removal are typically required.

Intestinal Obstruction

An intestinal obstruction involves a blockage in the intestines. Causes include constipation and previous surgeries. Symptoms are crampy abdominal pain, vomiting, and abdominal swelling.

References

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Elsevier.

NR 293 Final Exam Concept Review Pathophysiology

Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2020). Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts for interprofessional collaborative care (10th ed.). Elsevier.