MHA FPX 5028 Assessment 1 Executive Summary

Student Name

Capella University

MHA-FPX 5028 Comparative Models of Global Health Systems

Prof. Name:

Date

World Health Organization – WHO Executive Summary

The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948 and remains dedicated to promoting the health and safety of people worldwide. WHO’s objectives are centered on enhancing the health and well-being of individuals globally who require assistance. The organization operates across six regions of the world, with 150 country offices and more than 8,000 professionals. These regions are:

African Region
Region of the Americas/Pan American Health Organization
Eastern Mediterranean Region
European Region
Western Pacific Region
South-East Asia Region

MHA FPX 5028 Assessment 1 Executive Summary

Approximately 20% of WHO’s funding comes from membership dues, with most of the budget sourced from voluntary contributions, United Nations organizations, intergovernmental organizations, philanthropic foundations, the private sector, and other sources (World Health Organization, n.d.). The allocation of these funds is directed towards WHO’s strategic five-year priority plan, known as the TRIPLE BILLION PROJECT, which aims to provide one billion more people with universal health coverage, protect one billion more people from health emergencies, and improve the health and well-being of one billion more people (World Health Organization, n.d.).

Universal Health Coverage 30%
Health Emergencies 14%
Better Health and Well-Being 7%
Better Support to Countries 21%
Polio Eradication 9%
Special Programs 3%
Emergency Operations and Appeals 16%

International Rescue Committee – IRC Executive Summary

The International Rescue Committee (IRC), founded in 1933 by Albert Einstein, assists people affected by war-torn conflicts or natural disasters in recovering and rebuilding their lives, often in new countries. The IRC operates in 40 different countries and over 20 U.S. cities to “help restore health, safety, education, economic well-being, and power to people” (International Rescue Committee, n.d.). Currently, 82.4 million people are displaced due to conflict, crisis, and persecution, with many being displaced for an average of 20 years or longer (International Rescue Committee, n.d.).

26.4 million refugees
A record 48 million internally displaced persons
4.1 million asylum seekers

Donations to IRC are distributed as follows: In 2020, the IRC provided access to health services for 31 million people, nutrition treatments for 410,000 children under five, clean water for 2.6 million people, cash relief for 1.1 million people, schooling and education opportunities for 819,500 children, gender-based violence awareness for 1.2 million people, development support for 13,413 small businesses, and helped 5,237 people become U.S. citizens, among other assistance provided globally.

Program Services 87%
Management and General 8%
Funding 5%

Global Health Council – GHC Executive Summary

The Global Health Council (GHC) is the leading membership organization that supports and connects advocates, implementers, and stakeholders prioritizing global health and wellness. Its mission is to “use the power of the collective voice to improve global health and wellbeing through informed investments and policies” (Global Health Council, n.d.).

Top Three Goals:

Advocate for sound health policies and resources in the U.S. and multilateral forums.
Organize and mobilize stakeholders across issues, sectors, and regions to support global health problems.
Channel enthusiasm for global health to improve health and well-being worldwide.

In 2020, GHC:

MHA FPX 5028 Assessment 1 Executive Summary

Advocated for the Global Health Security Act
Continued outreach for increased global health funding
Met with policymakers to discuss funding levels, the emergency COVID-19 response, and engagement with WHO and other multilateral entities
Coordinated with coalitions to advocate for emergency supplemental funding for the global health and humanitarian response to COVID-19
Developed a WHO and COVID-19 clearinghouse on the GHC website
Led a delegation of over 40 people for the 73rd World Health Assembly
Advance Policy and Advocacy 57%
Member Engagement 36%
Management and General 7%

Overview of Health Care Model

Health Care Model National Health Care Model (Global Health Council, n.d.) Entrepreneurial Health Care Model (Global Health Council, n.d.) Mandated Health Care Model (International Insurance, n.d.)

Structure

National Health Care Model: Universally provided, funded through general tax-based financing, controlled by the government.
Entrepreneurial Health Care Model: Self-funded through out-of-pocket expenses, private insurance providers, and employer-sponsored insurance plans.
Mandated Health Care Model: Funded by indirect taxes and other forms of revenue, comprised of private and government institutions, free and available to all.

Key Performance Indicators

National Health Care Model: 30-Day Surgical Readmission Rate, Percentage of residents in daily restraints, Hospitalizations due to alcohol.
Entrepreneurial Health Care Model: Quality and patient satisfaction, Increased healthcare availability, Reduced deaths from preventable illnesses.
Mandated Health Care Model: Improvement in emergency services, Decreased overcrowding in emergency rooms, Reduced disparity between state-run, smaller hospitals.

Cost Comparison (2020 spending)

National Health Care Model: 13.7% GDP (Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2021)
Entrepreneurial Health Care Model: 19.7% GDP (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2021)
Mandated Health Care Model: 10% GDP (Mendoza, J., 2021)

Advantages

National Health Care Model: Available to all citizens, Fee-for-service, Can purchase supplemental insurance.
Entrepreneurial Health Care Model: Significant advancements due to funding, Employer bears most of the insurance cost.
Mandated Health Care Model: Available to all and free, Emergency care cannot be refused, No costs for care.

Disadvantages

National Health Care Model: Government regulation may limit services, Longer wait times.
Entrepreneurial Health Care Model: Lack of system cohesiveness, Insurance companies dictate healthcare needs.
Mandated Health Care Model: Coverage only for emergent situations, Private insurance is costly, Large deposits required for private hospital care.

Key Performance Indicators

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are crucial in determining the performance of a healthcare system. In Canada, the National Health Care Model focuses on the 30-day surgical readmission rate, daily restraint rates for patients, and hospitalizations due to alcohol consumption. The Entrepreneurial Health Care Model in the United States prioritizes patient care quality and satisfaction, increasing healthcare availability, and reducing deaths from preventable illnesses. Brazil’s Mandated Health Care Model emphasizes improving emergency services, reducing overcrowding and wait times in emergency rooms, and decreasing the disparity between smaller and larger hospitals.

Conclusion

There is a global need for healthcare, and various organizations strive to address these needs. The best organizations understand how to provide the necessary care effectively. Comparing different healthcare models reveals their strengths and weaknesses. Ideally, a universal health plan combining the best elements of National, Entrepreneurial, and Mandated Health Care Models would provide advanced, accessible, and equitable healthcare. However, financial considerations and accountability remain significant challenges. Continuous improvement and adaptation are essential to meet the evolving health needs of the global population.

References

Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2021, November 4). National Health Expenditure Data. Canadian Institute for Health Information. https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-healthexpendituretrends#:~:text=Total%20health%20spending%20in%20Canada,high%20of%2013.7%25%20in%202020.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2021). Historical. National Health Expenditure Data. https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NationalHealthAccountsHistorical#:~:text=U.S.%20health %20care%20spending%20grew,For%20additional%20information%2C%20see%20below.

Global Health Council. (n.d.). Global Health Council. Global Health Council. https://globalhealth.org/

International Insurance. (n.d.). Healthcare Systems in Brazil – Sistema Único de Saúde. International Insurance.com. https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/systems/brazil.php

International Rescue Committee. (n.d.). Who we are. International Rescue Committee. https://www.rescue.org/