D027 OA Final Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Conditions

D027 OA Final Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Conditions

Student Name

Western Governors University

D027 Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations

Prof. Name:

Date

D027 OA Final Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Conditions

Cryoablation and Prostate Cancer Treatment

Question: What is cryoablation?
Answer: Cryoablation is a medical procedure used to treat prostate cancer by freezing and destroying cancerous tissue.

Occupational Lung Disease

Question: What disease is characterized by exposure to sandblasting?
Answer: Silicosis, a lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust during activities such as sandblasting, leads to inflammation and scarring of the lungs.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Question: What category of ALS is most common?
Answer: ALS is primarily categorized as sporadic, meaning it occurs randomly without a clear genetic cause.

Differentiating Arthritis Types

Question: How can osteoarthritis be differentiated from rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Osteoarthritis typically involves joint wear and tear with localized pain and stiffness, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing symmetrical joint inflammation and systemic symptoms.

Cardiac Conditions

Liver Conditions

Question: What does ascites, jaundice, and elevated AST and ALT indicate?
Answer: These signs suggest liver cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease causing scarring and impaired liver function.

Kidney and Hematologic Disorders

Genetic and Infectious Diseases

Biomarkers and Solutions

Question: What is the HE4 biomarker associated with?
Answer: HE4 is a biomarker often elevated in ovarian tumors or ovarian cancer.

Question: Is 0.9% NaCl isotonic to red blood cells?
Answer: Yes, 0.9% sodium chloride solution is isotonic to RBCs, meaning it does not cause cell shrinkage or swelling.

Causes of Peripheral Neuropathy and Delayed Puberty

Gynecological and Hematological Conditions

Infectious Diseases and Musculoskeletal Disorders

Neuromuscular Conditions

Question: What does involuntary muscle contractions, weakness, lower extremity twitching, and prescription of anti-glutamate medication suggest?
Answer: These symptoms indicate Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease.

Secondary Hypertension

Question: What causes secondary hypertension?
Answer: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a known cause of secondary hypertension due to intermittent hypoxia and increased sympathetic activity.

Basic Science Concepts

Hematological and Genetic Triggers

Question: What triggers vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia?
Answer: Acidosis and dehydration are common triggers that promote sickling of red blood cells.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question: What is the role of RAAS?
Answer: RAAS regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and sodium retention.

Gastrointestinal Conditions

Question: What is a pouch-like protrusion in the sigmoid colon?
Answer: This condition is called diverticulosis, characterized by the formation of diverticula.

Mental Health and Immune System

Hematologic Malignancies

Cardiac Valve Disorders

Question: Which condition allows blood to flow back into the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Answer: Mitral insufficiency (mitral regurgitation) causes retrograde blood flow during systole.

Benign Tumors

References

• Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th Edition. (2018). McGraw-Hill Education.

• Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2019). Robbins Basic Pathology (10th ed.). Elsevier.

• Jameson, J. L., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., & Loscalzo, J. (2018). Harrison’s Manual of Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education.

• Fauci, A. S., et al. (2021). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 21st Edition. McGraw-Hill.