BIOS 252 Week 2 Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis.

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Chamberlain University

BIOS-252: Anatomy & Physiology II with Lab

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Understanding Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Causes and Progression of MS

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder caused by damage to the oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System (CNS) (Saladin, 2019). The myelin sheath acts as a protective covering for nerve cells, and when it is damaged, the transmission of nerve signals slows or stops. The exact cause of MS remains unknown, but it is considered an immune-mediated disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, specifically the myelin coating. This damage leads to inflammation and scarring, impairing the brain and spinal cord’s ability to communicate effectively. Although there is no cure for MS, treatments are available to manage symptoms, modify disease progression, and expedite recovery from attacks.

MS commonly affects individuals aged 20-40 years. The progression and symptoms often evolve with age, as demyelination increases and the regeneration of the myelin sheath slows down, despite the potential role of specific myelin proteins in repair. Although MS is not directly fatal, it can significantly impact quality of life, with some individuals experiencing long periods of remission while others face severe disabilities, including loss of mobility. Conflicting evidence exists regarding its effect on life expectancy, with many individuals living 10-20 years post-diagnosis (Mayo Clinic, n.d.).

Neurological and Physical Symptoms

Symptoms of MS vary widely based on the severity and location of nerve damage. One early indicator is optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve. The optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, can become inflamed, resulting in pain, vision loss in one eye, and diminished color vision. This symptom may serve as an early sign of MS.

Another symptom associated with MS is dysarthria, which results in slurred or slow speech due to motor neuron dysfunction. This occurs when nerve damage disrupts coordination between the muscles involved in speech. Paresthesia, or tingling sensations, is also common and results from sensory neuron disturbances. This sensation often occurs in the appendages, such as the arms, legs, hands, or feet.

Digestive issues, like constipation, are frequently reported in MS patients and are linked to dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system. Constipation is characterized by difficulty passing stool over three or more days and is manageable with appropriate treatment.

Disease Impact and Management

As MS progresses, the immune system’s attacks on the myelin sheath can lead to lasting nerve damage and communication issues between the brain and the body. Over time, this deterioration can result in severe disabilities, such as an inability to walk or perform daily tasks independently. Nevertheless, treatment options and individual MS types significantly influence the disease course. While some individuals face rapid progression, others experience extended periods of remission with few new symptoms (Mayo Clinic, n.d.).