BIOS 255 Week 8 Final Exam (Essay & Explanatory)

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Chamberlain University

BIOS-255: Anatomy & Physiology III with Lab

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Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

The immune system consists of two main branches: the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens, including physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular responses like phagocytosis. It is non-specific, meaning it reacts similarly to all pathogens. On the other hand, the adaptive immune system is highly specific and involves lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) that target particular pathogens. Both systems interact closely; the innate immune system triggers the adaptive immune response, and once the adaptive system is activated, it can enhance the innate system’s efficiency in fighting infections.

Antibody Subclasses: Similarities and Differences

Antibodies are proteins produced by B-cells that help protect the body from pathogens. There are five major classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. Each subclass has distinct functions, but they all share the ability to bind to specific antigens. IgG is the most common and provides long-term immunity, while IgM is the first to appear during an infection. IgA is primarily found in mucous membranes, IgE is involved in allergic responses, and IgD plays a role in the activation of B-cells. Although they differ in structure and function, all subclasses contribute to immune protection through antigen neutralization, opsonization, and activation of the complement system.

Respiratory Functions and Types of Respiration

Ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration are vital processes in the respiratory system. Ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, while external respiration occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen from the air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood. Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues. These processes are essential for maintaining oxygen levels in tissues and eliminating waste gases like carbon dioxide.

Table: Summary of Topics Covered

Question Number	Topic	Description
1	Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems	Description of how the innate and adaptive immune systems work and interact.
2	Subclasses of Antibodies	Explanation of the various subclasses of antibodies, their similarities and differences.
3	Ventilation, External and Internal Respiration	Definition and functions of ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
4	Neural Control of Ventilation	Description of brain centers, sensory, and motor signals in regulating ventilation.
5	Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport	Explanation of how gases are transported in blood and factors affecting their exchange.
6	Major Functions of T-cells	List and brief description of T-cell subclasses and their functions.
7	Primary and Secondary Immune Responses	Comparison of primary and secondary responses in adaptive immunity.
8	Functions of the Spleen	Overview of the functions performed by the spleen.
9	Muscles Involved in Breathing	Description of the muscles used for inhalation and exhalation.
10	Characteristics of the Thymus	Key features and functions of the thymus gland.
11	Components of the Lymphatic System	Identification and functions of the lymphatic system components.
12	Air Conduction System	Overview of the respiratory conduction system for air flow.
13	Gas Exchange in the Lung	Explanation of where and how gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
14	Functions of RBCs, T-cells, and Others	Description of the roles of RBCs, T-cells, B-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and NK cells.
15	Return of Lymph to Venous Circulation	Process by which lymph returns to the venous system.
16	Process of Inhalation and Exhalation	Description of the steps involved in the processes of inhalation and exhalation.
17	Feedback Mechanism in Erythropoiesis	Explanation of the feedback mechanisms involved in red blood cell production.
18	The Cardiac Cycle	Description of the cardiac cycle, including conduction, contraction, heart sounds, and ECG.
19	Blood Pressure Regulation	Explanation of factors that influence blood pressure and negative feedback in regulation.
20	Non-specific Immunity	Overview of the responses involved in non-specific immunity.
21	Cell-mediated Immunity	Explanation of antigen presentation, recognition, activation, and cellular response in immunity.
22	Antibody-mediated Immunity	Description of the processes in antibody-mediated immunity, including activation and cellular responses.
23	Inhalation and Exhalation Mechanisms	Detailed description of inhalation and exhalation processes, including events and muscles involved.
24	Regulation of Breathing via Feedback	How breathing is controlled through feedback mechanisms related to PCO2, PO2, and pH levels.
25	Nonspecific vs. Specific Defense	Explanation of the difference between nonspecific and specific immune responses and the role of lymphocytes.
26	Lymphatic System Functions	Identification and functions of the major components of the lymphatic system.
27	Nonspecific Defenses	Listing and explanation of the body’s nonspecific defenses, including mechanisms.
28	Role of T-cells in Immunity	Description of the types of T-cells and their role in immunity, including activation mechanisms.
29	B-cell Activation	Description of the activation mechanisms of B-cells and the formation of plasma and memory B-cells.
30	Antibody Structure and Functions	Overview of antibody structure and the functions of antibodies in body fluids and secretions.
31	Respiratory Passageway	Description of the organs in the respiratory passageway and differentiation between conducting and respiratory zones.
32	Physical Factors Affecting Ventilation	List of physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation and lung volumes/capacities.
33	Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport	Explanation of how gases are transported in blood, with emphasis on factors influencing loading/unloading.
34	Respiratory Diseases Comparison	Comparison of the causes and consequences of respiratory conditions like bronchitis, asthma, and lung cancer.