PSY FPX 7421 Assessment 2 Memory, Knowledge & Language

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Capella University

PSY FPX 7421 Cognitive/Affective Psychology

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Introduction to Memory

Memory is the process humans use to store important details about events or ideas in their lives and recall them at a later time. Memory often manifests through the recollection of past events. For instance, a child who experiences a traumatic event may later recall the experience and display behavioral reactions based on those memories.

Types of Memory

Sensory memory: This type of memory stores information for a very brief period. Sensory input recognizes past experiences and triggers a response. For example, when chewing a piece of gum, you recognize its texture and flavor, prompting you to remember from past experience not to swallow it.
Short-term memory: Short-term memory retains information for a limited period following the initial event or sensory input. For example, after a day at the waterpark, you might recount the experience to your parents that evening. However, by the next day, the details may fade, leaving only a vague recollection.
Long-term memory: Long-term memory is enduring and retains significant events over time. Although specific details may fade, the overall experience remains. For example, recalling a childhood camping trip involves long-term memory.

Introduction to Knowledge

Knowledge is the process through which humans gain new information and apply it in their daily lives. It involves receiving, processing, and making sense of information before utilizing it in practical situations. For example, learning the importance of car maintenance, understanding how to change the oil, and then applying that knowledge to perform an oil change demonstrates the process of acquiring and using knowledge.

Introduction to Language

Language acquisition refers to the process of learning words and understanding them sufficiently to apply them to daily needs. Language competence goes beyond basic acquisition, involving a deeper understanding and fluency, including an appreciation of the language’s origin. Language varies depending on location and individual, and achieving linguistic competence involves mastery beyond simple acquisition, allowing for professional-level communication.

Theoretical Background of Memory

Memory has been studied for thousands of years, with numerous theories emerging over time. One notable theory is the Multi-Store Model, developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968. Another theory is the levels of processing model, which examines memory through a tiered approach to assess comprehension.

Theoretical Background of Knowledge

Immanuel Kant developed a significant theory related to knowledge known as epistemology. This Greek theory focuses on how we acquire knowledge and apply it. For instance, using newly acquired information about mental health to write a research paper exemplifies the application of epistemology.

Theoretical Background of Language

The cognitive language acquisition theory serves as the foundation for understanding how language is learned. This theory posits that we are born with limited communication skills, which develop through cognitive functions and environmental interactions.

Cultural Aspect of Memory

Memory, at its core, is the process by which the brain triggers a response to an event, potentially creating a lasting impression. However, memory can vary culturally. In some cultures, memory may be based on individual experiences, while in others, it may take the form of collective memory, reflecting shared experiences within a group.

Ethical Concerns of Memory

One ethical concern related to memory is addressed in code 2.06b of the APA code of conduct, which states: “When psychologists become aware of personal problems that may interfere with their performing work-related duties adequately, they take appropriate measures, such as obtaining professional consultation or assistance, and determine whether they should limit, suspend, or terminate their work-related duties” (American Psychological Association, 2017). Since memories differ from person to person, maintaining professional ethics in clinical settings is crucial. It is important to keep personal experiences private and ensure that the APA code is adhered to, especially when working with an individual’s memory, to protect privacy and mental health.

Ethical Concerns of Knowledge

Knowledge is a continually evolving subject. According to code 2.03, Maintaining Competence, “Psychologists undertake ongoing efforts to develop and maintain their competence” (American Psychological Association, 2017). As perspectives, knowledge, and life circumstances change, maintaining competence is vital when working with people. Failing to stay current with knowledge can lead to ethical concerns, as it may hinder your ability to serve individuals effectively.

Using Memory

Memory plays a significant role in various aspects of life, from recalling traumatic events that shape one’s worldview to remembering joyful experiences that influence one’s perspective. In psychology and counseling, exploring memory is crucial for understanding and facilitating change. Memory is closely tied to cognitive ability, as it involves retrieving prior life experiences and processing them through the senses to comprehend how they have shaped one’s life. This is an essential aspect of cognitive ability.

Using Knowledge

Applying knowledge is essential for personal growth. The methods by which we acquire and apply knowledge differ for each individual. Understanding the phases that the brain undergoes during this process is important, as it may necessitate adapting how we gain and apply information.

Using Language

Language can manifest in various forms, including visual, sign, or verbal communication. Understanding how an individual communicates and applies language is crucial for interpreting behaviors. How information is received can vary from person to person, and recognizing this is important when analyzing responses. Using the appropriate language is key to eliciting the expected response.

Conclusion

Memory, knowledge, and language are essential not only in our daily lives but also in understanding the underlying reasons for our behaviors. These topics are crucial for comprehending how our brain functions and our cognitive abilities, which is vital for providing the best possible support.

References

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.html

Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2014). Memory. Psychology Press.

Camina, E., & Güell, F. (2017). The neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and psychological basis of memory: Current models and their origins. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00438

Slavin, R. E. (2012). Educational psychology: Theory and practice (10th ed.). Pearson.

Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2012). Cognitive psychology (6th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.