PSY FPX 7310 Assessment 5 Psychological Disorders

Student Name

Capella University

PSY FPX 7310 Biological Basis of Behavior

Prof. Name:

Date

Bipolar Disorder: The Factors that Affect Behavior

Introduction

The human brain is remarkably delicate, bearing immense responsibilities, and the consequences of its functioning can be critical to life itself. Interestingly, there are times when we have limited control over the reactions that arise due to hormonal changes, breakdowns, and environmental factors beyond human influence. Approximately 14% of the global population experiences a diagnosable psychological disorder each year, most of which are treatable (Mental Health First Aid, 2019). Specifically, bipolar disorder, categorized within a larger group of mood disorders, affects millions worldwide. This paper seeks to explore the defining factors of bipolar disorder, how these factors influence behavior and experiences, and how psychologists can enhance the quality of life for those affected by this condition.

Bipolar Disorder: How Does It Influence Behavior?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by the presence of mania or hypomania, which signifies a noticeable change in a person’s behavior from their typical state. Mania is described as a euphoric, expansive, or irritable mood change accompanied by a marked increase in energy. In contrast, hypomania reflects similar mood changes but does not result in a significant alteration in the patient’s behavior (Strakowski, 2014). Given that these symptoms are extreme and visibly apparent, they have a clear and substantial impact on a patient’s behavior. Because the episodes experienced by individuals with bipolar disorder can be so intense and episodic, their behavior is not always consistent.

For instance, while sleep disturbances are a common symptom, a patient may experience a phase of insomnia where they are overly energized and unable to sleep, followed by a period of lethargy and depressive moods that keep them in a sleepy state for some time. This lack of a consistent pattern makes it difficult to predict behavior. These rapid shifts from sluggish, sleep-deprived states to energized, hyperactive states can occur swiftly. Psychologists remind patients that their moods are reflective of the disorder’s name—bipolar—shifting from one extreme to another. During a hypomanic episode, patients may exhibit behaviors such as restlessness, flamboyance, or unusual cheerfulness that persist for several days. This hypomanic phase is typically followed by a depressive period, during which the patient may feel isolated and withdrawn (Strakowski, 2014).

The behaviors exhibited during a hypomanic state differ from those during a manic episode. Individuals experiencing mania display behaviors similar to those seen in hypomania, but with greater intensity. A common behavior during manic episodes is an overwhelming level of energy that can lead to difficulties in speech, as the patient may struggle to articulate concise thoughts during conversations. Additionally, extreme impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors are often observed, such as spending large sums of money in a short time or an increased sex drive, which can lead to life-altering consequences (Ramirez Basco & Rush, 2005).

The Factors that Affect Bipolar Disorder

While the precise cause of bipolar disorder remains unknown, several factors have been identified as common among diagnosed patients. First, having a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, can be a predictive factor for developing bipolar disorder. Analysis of the XBP1 gene has shown a connection between heredity and bipolar disorder. Studies involving monozygotic and dizygotic twins, as well as parents of affected individuals, have revealed gene patterns associated with bipolar disorder (Kakiuchi et al., 2003). Another significant factor linked to bipolar disorder is prolonged exposure to high-stress situations, such as the death of a loved one or other traumatic events. Such stress can lead to changes in neural pathways within the emotional regions of the brain, potentially triggering manic episodes. Additionally, the overuse of alcohol or drugs can contribute to the onset of manic or hypomanic episodes. Recovery from alcohol abuse may lead individuals into a depressed state, while substance abuse can result in heightened energy or aggressive behaviors during hypermanic episodes (Mayo Group, 2019).

Beyond genetic and environmental factors, other elements can influence the brain in relation to bipolar disorder. The brain utilizes various chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, to communicate messages throughout the body. These chemical signals help regulate mood; therefore, a chemical imbalance can lead to extreme mood swings, both high and low. Research has indicated that examining patients’ thyroid levels may provide insights into potential chemical imbalances that could explain mood fluctuations.

The Influence of Endocrine Malfunction on Bipolar Disorder

A dysfunction within the endocrine system, which produces essential chemicals, can trigger episodes that may be diagnosed as bipolar disorder. Additionally, damage to brain cells in the hippocampus is another potential factor that can lead to mood swings associated with bipolar disorder (Martinez-Aran et al., 2007).

The Influence of Culture and Experience Regarding Bipolar Disorder

Lived experiences significantly shape psychology professionals’ understanding of bipolar disorder. It is crucial for psychologists to comprehend the issues as perceived by the patients themselves. Perception can be challenging for individuals with bipolar disorder, often clouding their view of reality. Therefore, psychologists must empathize with the patient’s lived experiences to recommend and provide appropriate treatment. For instance, if a patient is experiencing a manic episode of depression, even if the treating psychologist believes there is no need for concern, the psychologist must empathize with the patient to offer constructive feedback and a viable treatment plan (Ward, 2009).

Lived experiences are not the only factors that can complicate treatment for psychological professionals. Cultural differences also play a significant role in how professionals assess and treat bipolar patients. Emotional behaviors that may be considered normal in one culture might be perceived differently in another. Psychologists should evaluate these thoughts and behaviors within the context of the patient’s culture rather than their own. Furthermore, cultural perspectives on mental illness vary; for example, African and Middle Eastern cultures may view mental illness as a burden on the patient and their family, while Western cultures often see it as a treatable condition that can benefit from modern medicine. Additionally, the effectiveness of certain medications can vary across cultures. For instance, Ethiopian Jews, Arabs, and Sephardic ethnicities may possess a genetic metabolic rate that facilitates more rapid treatment of bipolar disorder compared to other groups. Ultimately, psychological professionals must be cognizant of the diverse lived experiences and cultural backgrounds of their patients to achieve higher success rates in treatment (Fink & Kraynak, 2005).

The Efficacy and Ethics of Bipolar Disorder Treatment

Numerous treatments are currently employed by psychologists to address bipolar disorder, though their efficacy can vary. A common approach involves a combination of a mood-stabilizing drug and some form of psychotherapy. However, research indicates that both treatment modalities tend to be less effective and exhibit poor adherence when administered in isolation. A significant concern among psychologists regarding treatment efficacy is adherence to medication regimens (Gaudiano, Weinstock, & Miller, 2008). Studies have shown that patients who do not adhere to treatment are more likely to experience relapses. Those relying solely on medications such as lithium carbonate, Depakote, or valproic acid often undervalue the importance of their medication, perceiving it merely as a means of sedation for control. In contrast, patients who receive a combination of psychotherapy—most commonly cognitive behavioral therapy—and medication are 24% more likely to adhere to their medication regimen and are generally more open during therapy sessions (Gaudiano, Weinstock, & Miller, 2008).

Ethical considerations also play a crucial role in treatment within the psychological field. While treatments for the episodic manias associated with bipolar disorder offer multiple benefits, they also carry risks that could jeopardize the patient’s well-being. Current medication treatments must be carefully evaluated, and psychologists should always inform patients of potential risks. Some medications recommended to patients may still be in trial phases and might not have all risks approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA), potentially leading to harmful side effects. Treatment professionals must also be cautious regarding the capacity to consent. Patients with bipolar disorder may not be stable enough to fully consider the safety and effectiveness of the treatments being offered, depending on their state of mind during evaluation. Finally, professionals treating bipolar disorder patients should be aware of possible comorbidities, as patients may suffer from multiple chronic conditions. A thorough examination of medications is essential to prevent overlapping side effects that could pose significant physiological challenges.

Conclusion

Bipolar disorder can be a life-altering and debilitating psychological condition that impacts individuals and their families. The intricate chemical makeup and neural pathways that interact within the brain can be triggered in various ways, leading to a lifestyle that is detrimental to the patient.

Living with Bipolar Disorder: Treatment and Support

While the symptoms and behaviors associated with bipolar disorder can be extreme and life-altering, psychologists have various remedies, therapies, and treatments that can help individuals manage their condition effectively. Seeking and receiving appropriate therapy is a crucial step in alleviating the challenges that patients may feel are disrupting their lives. Additionally, psychologists should thoroughly explore their patients’ thoughts and diagnoses to identify well-researched and suitable treatment options. Living a stable and consistent life is already challenging; it is difficult to imagine the experience of living with such instability, characterized by frequent and extreme emotional highs and lows.

References

Carlson, N. R. (2014). Schizophrenia, affective disorders, and anxiety disorders (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Chapter 15, “Neurological Disorders,” pages 389–404.

Fink, C., & Kraynak, J. (2005). Bipolar disorder for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing.

Gaudiano, B. A., Weinstock, L. M., & Miller, I. W. (2008). Improving treatment adherence in bipolar disorder: A review of current psychosocial treatment efficacy and recommendations for future treatment development. Behavior Modification, 32(3), 267–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507309023

Kakiuchi, C., Iwamoto, K., Ishiwata, M., Bundo, M., Kashahara, T., Kusumi, I., Tsujita, T., Okazaki, I., Kunugi, H., Sasaki, T., & Kato, T. (2003). Impaired feedback regulation of XBP1 as a genetic risk factor for bipolar disorder. Nature Genetics, 35(2), 171–175.

Mayo Group. (2019). Bipolar disease. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955

Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Torrent, C., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Goikolea, J. M., Salamero, M., Malhi, G., & Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2007). Functional outcome in bipolar disorder: The role of clinical and cognitive factors. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 103–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00327.x

Mental Health First Aid. (2019). 5 surprising mental health statistics. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/2019/02/5-surprising-mental-health-statistics/

Ramirez Basco, M., & Rush, A. J. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bipolar disorders (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.