BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis
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Capella University
BHA-FPX4002 History of the United States Health Care System
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Date
Historical Trend Analysis
Examining historical trends and transformations reveals the progress made in American healthcare over the years. Understanding these changes is essential for fostering future growth and development in the healthcare sector. Shifts in health trends influence the daily operations of healthcare administrators, necessitating adjustments to meet the evolving demands of the population. The healthcare landscape is continuously changing.
Trends and Regulations
Access to healthcare is fundamental for enhancing patient care. When patients can receive appropriate care and treatment, their prognosis improves significantly. Access to healthcare is critical for decreasing mortality rates and slowing disease progression. High-quality healthcare is vital for nurturing healthy communities and populations, instilling a sense of security and trust in healthcare professionals, which leads to increased compliance and improved health outcomes. Patients who receive quality care are more inclined to follow up and monitor their health.
The financial burden of healthcare has historically been a major obstacle, discouraging patients from seeking necessary medical attention. Nevertheless, changes in trends and regulations over the past three centuries have made medical costs more manageable.
Healthcare Access
Access to healthcare is essential, as patients must be able to receive treatment or medical attention when they are unwell. Restrictions in healthcare access can lead to higher mortality rates and accelerated disease progression. Throughout history, various regulatory initiatives have been introduced to enhance healthcare access, including the establishment of state medical boards in the 1800s, the Hill-Burton Act in the 1900s, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the 2000s.
Healthcare Quality
The quality of healthcare is critical for improving treatment outcomes and patient prognoses. Over the years, initiatives such as the U.S. Army Medical Department in the 1800s, the Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality in the 1900s, and the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 have been implemented to enhance healthcare quality, encouraging patient engagement and accountability among providers.
Healthcare Cost
The cost of healthcare has historically posed a barrier to accessing medical services. However, the advent of healthcare insurance in the 1800s, prepaid health plans in the 1900s, and systems like the Outpatient Prospective Payment System in the 2000s have contributed to making healthcare more affordable, allowing patients to seek timely medical attention.
Trend Analysis
The progress made in healthcare over the past three eras has shown significant advancements in access, quality, and cost. Regulatory measures have evolved to improve access to healthcare, enhancing patient care and treatment options. The quality of healthcare has improved, ensuring higher standards of care and patient safety. Additionally, costs have become more manageable due to the introduction of insurance and payment systems, making healthcare more accessible overall.
Conclusion
In summary, the changes and advancements within the healthcare industry have led to substantial improvements in care quality, patient outcomes, and healthcare costs. Access to healthcare has been enhanced, enabling patients to receive timely treatment. The quality of care has improved through regulatory measures that prioritize patient safety. Furthermore, healthcare costs have become more manageable, allowing more individuals to afford necessary medical services. Overall, the healthcare sector has progressed significantly over the past three eras, resulting in better prognoses, treatments, and disease management.
References
American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities. (n.d.). We maintain the highest standards for outpatient accreditation. Retrieved from https://www.aaaasf.org/who-we-are/
Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality. (n.d.). Welcome to CIHQ. Retrieved from https://www.cihq.org/
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021a). Acute inpatient PPS. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/AcuteInpatientPPS
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021b). Clinical laboratory improvement amendments (CLIA). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021c). CY 2002 Physician fee schedule proposed rule with comment period. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-ServicePayment/PhysicianFeeSched
BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021d). Hospital inpatient quality reporting program. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-AssessmentInstruments/HospitalQualityInits/HospitalRHQDAPU
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021e). Hospital outpatient prospective payment system (OPPS). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Files-forOrder/LimitedDataSets/HospitalOPPS
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021f). National correct coding initiative edits. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/NationalCorrectCodInitEd
Chaudhry, H.J. (2010). The important role of medical licensure in the United States. Academic Medicine, 85(11), 1657. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f557ed
Health.gov. (n.d.). History of healthy people. Retrieved from https://health.gov/our-work/healthy-people/abouthealthy-people/history-healthy-people
Kroth, P. J., & Young, K. M. (2018). Sultz & Young’s health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
McCall, N., Korb, J., Petersons, A., & Moore, S. (2003). Reforming Medicare payment: Early effects of the 1997 Balanced Budget Act on postacute care. The Milbank Quarterly, 81(2), 277–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00054
Medicare.gov. (2021). Find & compare nursing homes, hospitals & other providers near you. Retrieved from https://www.medicare.gov/care-compare/
Moehling, C. M., & Thomasson, M. A. (2012, April). Saving babies: The contribution of Sheppard-Towner to the decline in infant mortality in the 1920s (Working Paper 17996.). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17996/w17996.pdf
Quality Payment Program. (n.d.). APMs overview. Retrieved from https://qpp.cms.gov/apms/overview
Reilly R. F. (2016). Medical and surgical care during the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 29(2), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2016.11929390
BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis
Truex E. S. (2014). Medical licensing and discipline in America: A history of the Federation of State Medical Boards. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 102(2), 133–134. https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019
University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. (n.d.). History of hospitals. Retrieved from https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/nurses-institutions-caring/history-of-hospitals/
U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Procedure manual; Division of federal employees’ compensation (DFEC). Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/owcp/FECA/regs/compliance/DFECfolio/FECA-PT0
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Part II: 1938, Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/changes-science-law-and-regulatory-authorities/part-ii1938-food-drug-cosmetic-act
Weil, T. P. (2002, Summer). Managed competition using both market-driven and regulatory strategies. Managed Care Quarterly, 10(3), 32–40.
Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2018). Sultz & Young’s health care USA: Understanding Its organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
Appendix: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care
Table 1: Trend Analysis of Health Care Milestones
Time Period | Regulatory Legislation, Agencies, or Quality Initiatives | Health Care Access | Health Care Quality | Health Care Costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1800s | State medical boards | Establishment of medical practice regulations protecting patients (Truex, 2014) | Promotion and implementation of health awareness (Reilly, 2016) | Provision of lower health care costs through insurance (Scofea, 1994) |
| Â | U.S. Army Medical Department and United States Sanitary Commission | Implementation of new health care regulations and awareness (Reilly, 2016) | Implementation of medical care and treatments in hospitals (Reilly, 2016) | – |
| Â | Healthcare Insurance | Introduction of health insurance covering non-death related costs (Scofea, 1994) | – | – |
| Â | Hospital Treatment | Provision of surgeries, outpatient, and inpatient services (Scofea, 1994) | – | – |
| Â | Regulating Healthcare | Implementation of state healthcare regulations and physician licensing (Chaudhry, 2010) | – | – |
| Â | U.S. Army Established the Hospital Corps | Maintenance of medical records for better follow-up care (Weedn, 2020) | – | – |
| 1900s | Hill-Burton Act | Federal grant program providing hospitals with funds (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021a) | – | – |
| Â | Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | Regulation of medical equipment and medicine labeling (Young & Kroth, 2018; FDA, n.d.) | – | – |
| Â | Self-Pay as the primary source of healthcare services | Patient payment for healthcare services (Young & Kroth, 2018) | – | – |
| Â | Introduction of prepaid health plans (direct contracting) | Improved availability of healthcare for working Americans (Young & Kroth, 2018) | – | – |
| Â | Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality (CIHQ) | Regulation and accreditation services for healthcare treatments (Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality, n.d.) | – | – |
| 2000s | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | Mandated coverage of preventive care services at no patient cost (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021b) | – | – |
| Â | Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 | Improvement of patient safety and reduction of incidents (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021c) | – | – |
| Â | Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) | Medicare payment for hospital outpatient services based on flat rates (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021d) | – | – |
| Â | Medicare Care Compare | Platform for comparing medical facilities (Medicare.gov, 2021) | – | – |
| Â | Hospital Quality Reporting (HQR) and Initiative (H.Q.I.) | Mandatory reporting of quality issues by medical providers (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021e) | – | – |
| Â | Managed Market Competition; Consumer-driven health plans | Introduction of consumer-driven health plans (Well, 2002) | – | – |
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