D312 Final Exam Review Practice Questions and Answers

D312 Final Exam Review Practice Questions and Answers

Student Name

Western Governors University

D312 Anatomy and Physiology I with Lab

Prof. Name:

Date

1. Which of the following is considered one of the essential characteristics of life?

a. Cognition
b. Self-awareness
c. Perception
✅ d. Metabolism

2. Which system of the body is responsible for initiating immune responses?

a. Cardiovascular
b. Endocrine
✅ c. Lymphatic
d. Respiratory

3. Which statement is true of homeostatic mechanisms?

✅ a. They help keep the body’s internal environment consistent.
b. They occur only when a body is in optimal condition.
c. They are generally a result of severe malnourishment.
d. They are most likely to occur in people who are comatose.

4. An ionic bond will form when two ions have what relationship to each other?

a. One neutral atom, one positively charged
b. Electrically neutral
✅ c. Oppositely charged
d. Similarly charged

5. Which of the following is a substance that, when added to a chemical solution, prevents large changes in the pH of the solution?

a. Binder
✅ b. Buffer
c. Effector
d. Transmitter

6. Which type of chemical bond features an unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms, which results in a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other side?

a. Hydrogen
b. Ionic
c. Nonpolar covalent
✅ d. Polar covalent

7. Inorganic chemistry generally deals with substances that do not contain:

✅ a. Carbon
b. Glucose
c. Oxygen
d. Sodium

8. What organelle is continuous with an animal cell’s outer nuclear membrane?

✅ a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Lysosome
d. Ribosome

9. Which of the following structural features of the plasma membrane is a result of more positively charged ions on the outside and more negatively charged ions on the inside?

a. Fluid nature
✅ b. Membrane potential
c. Polar head group with a nonpolar tail
d. Stabilization by cholesterol molecules

10. What organelle is responsible for protein and lipid modification, packaging, and distribution throughout the cell?

✅ a. Golgi apparatus
b. Lysosome
c. Mitochondrion
d. Proteasome

11. The four characteristic functions of a cell are metabolism, synthesis, communication, and which of the following?

a. Anaerobic respiration
b. Hydration
c. Osmosis
✅ d. Reproduction

12. Which of the following provides energy for cellular respiration?

a. PKU
✅ b. ATP
c. DNA
d. RNA

13. When adenosine diphosphate (ADP) gains an inorganic phosphate group, it becomes:

✅ a. ATP
b. AMP
c. RNA
d. TEM

14. At what stage of the menstrual cycle do LH levels begin to increase?

a. Menses
✅ b. Ovulation
c. Proliferative phase
d. Secretory phase

15. The walls of the intestines and stomach are composed of which type of muscle tissue?

a. Cardiac
b. Skeletal
✅ c. Smooth
d. Synergistic

16. Starting from the surface and moving inward, what are the layers of the integumentary system?

a. Dermis, epidermis, hypodermis
✅ b. Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
c. Epidermis, hypodermis, dermis
d. Hypodermis, dermis, epidermis

17. In humans, the integumentary system produces what vitamin?

a. A
b. B
✅ c. D
d. K

18. Melanin is produced in which of the following cells?

a. Cornified cells
b. Keratinocytes
✅ c. Melanocytes
d. Melanosomes

19. The release of histamines in the integumentary system causes which of the following?

a. Intestinal bleeding
b. Migraine headaches
c. Blood in stool
✅ d. Skin redness and swelling

20. In the “ABCDE” rule of detecting melanoma, what symptom is represented by the “E”?

a. Epidermis
✅ b. Evolving
c. Excess
d. Exposure

21. As humans age, what causes wrinkled skin?

✅ a. Elastic fibers and adipose tissue decrease
b. Collagen fibers decrease in number
c. Faster division of skin cells
d. Increased flexibility and elasticity of connective tissues

22. Which of the following is a factor that contributes to wrinkling in aging skin?

a. Increase in collagen
b. Increase in melanin
✅ c. Loss of adipose tissue
d. Decrease in temperature regulation

23. Human skin becomes drier with age due to a decrease in:

a. Elasticity
✅ b. Sebaceous gland activity
c. Keratinocyte division
d. Vitamin D production

24. Which cranial suture joins the parietal bones along the skull’s midline?

a. Coronal
b. Lambdoid
c. Occipitomastoid
✅ d. Sagittal

25. Which of the following statements about bone marrow is true?

a. In the long bones of adults, yellow marrow is mostly replaced by red marrow.
b. The adult hipbone contains no red marrow.
✅ c. Red marrow is the site of blood cell formation.
d. Red marrow contains mostly adipose tissue.

26. Which of the following demonstrates that the skeletal system provides storage for the body?

a. Blood cells are produced within red bone marrow.
✅ b. Calcium and phosphorus are released from bones when blood levels decrease.
c. Smooth cartilage covers the ends of some bones.
d. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by the cranium and vertebrae.

27. What are the two principal minerals stored in bone?

a. Calcium and iron
b. Calcium and magnesium
✅ c. Calcium and phosphorus
d. Phosphorus and iron

28. In which of the following ways do chondrocytes receive nutrients?

a. Delivery from blood vessels through the cartilage matrix
b. Delivery from blood vessels through the perichondrium layer
✅ c. Diffusion through the cartilage matrix
d. Transport from stem cells

29. What type of cartilage plays a part in long bone growth and repair?

a. Collagen
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
✅ d. Hyaline cartilage

30. Two systems for classifying joints are based on:

a. Joint cavity size and the ability to regenerate damage
b. Location and size
c. Size and number of muscular connections
✅ d. Range of motion and type of connective tissue

31. Joints that connect two bones and contain fibrocartilage are called:

a. Sutures
✅ b. Symphyses
c. Synchondroses
d. Syndesmoses

32. In which kind of bone would an epiphyseal plate be found?

a. Flat
b. Irregular
✅ c. Long
d. Short

33. Which factor initially stimulates bone growth and is responsible for the burst of growth that occurs at puberty?

a. Growth hormone
b. Thyroid hormone
✅ c. Sex hormones
d. Increased nutrient intake

34. Which of these characteristics makes skeletal muscle unique from other kinds of muscle?

✅ a. It can be moved voluntarily.
b. It is composed of cells having a single nucleus.
c. It is capable of spontaneous contraction.
d. It is striated.

35. What percentage of the body’s weight consists of skeletal muscle and its associated connective tissue?

a. 10
b. 32
✅ c. 40
d. 75

36. Which of the following muscles produces body heat?

a. Cardiac
b. Intercalated
✅ c. Skeletal
d. Smooth

37. Which of the following is one of the functions of the muscular system?

a. Contraction of the heart
✅ b. Protection of organs
c. Sending pain signals
d. Storage of oxygen

D312 Final Exam Review Practice Questions and Answers

38. What are the four major functional properties of muscle tissue?

a. Communicability, contractility, elasticity, excitability
b. Communicability, conductivity, contractility, elasticity
✅ c. Conductivity, contractility, elasticity, excitability
d. Contractility, elasticity, excitability, extensibility

39. What type of muscle contraction occurs when an object is held in a stationary position?

a. Concentric
b. Eccentric
✅ c. Isometric
d. Isotonic

40. What happens during the contraction of skeletal muscles?

a. Actin and myosin myofilaments shorten.
✅ b. Actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another.
c. Sarcomeres and myofibrils slide past one another.
d. Sarcomeres and myofibrils lengthen.

41. Which of these builds up in muscles during intense exercise?

a. ATP
b. Blood
✅ c. Lactic acid
d. Oxygen

42. In aerobic respiration, which of the following reactions happens first after mitochondria metabolize pyruvic acid?

a. ADP reacts with creatine phosphate to produce ATP.
✅ b. Carbon dioxide molecules are produced.
c. The citric acid cycle and electron-transport chain produce ATP.
d. Oxygen atoms combine with hydrogen to produce water.

43. Which division of the peripheral nervous system controls the movement of skeletal muscles?

a. Afferent
✅ b. Efferent
c. Enteric
d. Sensory

44. The central nervous system consists of which of the following organs?

a. Heart
b. Liver
c. Skin
✅ d. Spinal cord

45. Which of these is controlled by the cerebellum?

a. Endocrine function
b. Conscious thought
c. Homeostasis
✅ d. Muscle movement

46. Which of the following is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

✅ a. Digestion
b. Dreaming
c. Running
d. Speaking

47. The cranial nerve whose parasympathetic distribution is to the thorax and abdomen is the:

a. Facial (VII) nerve
b. Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
c. Oculomotor (III) nerve
✅ d. Vagus (X) nerve

48. The cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located within:

✅ a. Cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem
b. Lateral horns of the spinal cord
c. Autonomic nervous system axons
d. Wall of the digestive tract

49. In which of the following ways are olfactory neurons different from most other types of neurons?

a. They do not have axons.
b. They do not have a nucleus.
✅ c. They are constantly being replaced.
d. They are permanent.

50. Filiform papillae are different from other types of papillae in which way?

✅ a. They contain no taste buds.
b. They are the least numerous.
c. They are the only kind that can taste salt.
d. They are located on the lips.

51. The endocrine system is composed of which of the following?

a. Ducts and specialized cells
b. Ducts and part of the brain
✅ c. Glands and part of the brain
d. Glands and specialized cells

52. Which of the following are all areas of major endocrine glands and tissues?

a. Adrenal glands, digestive tract, thymus
b. Amygdala, digestive tract, kidneys
✅ c. Hypothalamus, liver, pineal gland
d. Hypothalamus, liver, thymus

53. Endocrine glands secrete which of the following?

a. ATP
b. Binding proteins
✅ c. Hormones
d. Neuropeptides

54. The release of the hormone oxytocin causes an increase in:

a. Follicle maturation
b. Tissue growth
c. Ovulation
✅ d. Uterine contractions

55. Which of the following hormones maintain homeostasis by increasing or decreasing secretions of specific pituitary hormones?

✅ a. Releasing and inhibiting
b. Exciting and relaxing
c. Growth and stunting
d. Anabolic and catabolic

56. Insulin is a hormone that is necessary for maintaining:

✅ a. Blood glucose levels
b. Breast milk production
c. Metabolism rate
d. Vasoconstriction

57. As humans age, the endocrine system produces less of which hormone, making older people more susceptible to infection?

a. Growth hormone
b. Melatonin
c. Parathyroid hormone
✅ d. Thymosin

58. Which of the following is a potential result of an improperly functioning anterior pituitary gland?

a. Diabetes
b. Excessive urination
✅ c. Gigantism
d. Low metabolic rate

59. In what way are the secretion of melatonin and thymosin affected by aging?

a. Melatonin increases; thymosin decreases.
b. Melatonin decreases; thymosin increases.
✅ c. Both melatonin and thymosin decrease.
d. Both melatonin and thymosin increase.