NR 583 Week 5 Worksheet

Student Name

Chamberlain University

NR-583: Informatics for Advanced Nursing Practice

Prof. Name:

Date

Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Disorders

Pulmonary Conditions

Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary edema is a condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the alveoli and lung interstitium, leading to impaired gas exchange. The pathophysiology involves increased hydrostatic pressure, typically due to left ventricular dysfunction, or increased capillary permeability resulting from direct lung injury. Risk factors include heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and exposure to toxins. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles on auscultation, frothy sputum, and hypoxemia (Meyer et al., 2020).

Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, often originating from deep veins in the legs, embolizes to the pulmonary arteries, obstructing blood flow. This leads to ventilation-perfusion mismatch, hypoxia, and increased pulmonary artery pressure. Risk factors include prolonged immobility, hypercoagulable states, and recent surgery. Clinical manifestations include sudden-onset dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hemoptysis (Konstantinides et al., 2020).

Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, leading to lung collapse. It may be spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. The pathophysiology involves the disruption of the pleural membrane, allowing air to enter and increasing intrapleural pressure. Clinical manifestations include sudden-onset chest pain, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds on the affected side, and tracheal deviation in tension pneumothorax (Light, 2021).

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs. The pathophysiology includes granuloma formation in response to bacterial invasion, leading to caseous necrosis. Incidence is highest in developing countries, immunocompromised individuals, and those with poor socioeconomic conditions. Risk factors include HIV infection, malnutrition, and close contact with an infected person. Clinical manifestations include chronic cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, weight loss, and fever (WHO, 2022).

Hematologic Disorders

Leukemia

Leukemia is a malignancy of hematopoietic cells, classified into acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Complications include anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders due to bone marrow suppression. General treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplantation, and targeted therapies (Tallman et al., 2021).

Anemia and Associated Lab Values

Anemia is characterized by reduced red blood cell (RBC) count or hemoglobin levels, leading to impaired oxygen transport. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and tachycardia. The commonly used lab value to assess anemia is hemoglobin concentration, measured via a complete blood count (CBC) (Kassebaum, 2020).

Pernicious Anemia

Pernicious anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor deficiency, leading to defective RBC maturation. Clinical manifestations include glossitis, paresthesia, fatigue, and neurological deficits. Treatment involves lifelong vitamin B12 supplementation, typically administered intramuscularly (Stabler, 2020).

Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by hemoglobin S polymerization under hypoxic conditions, leading to RBC sickling and vaso-occlusion. Risk factors include African ancestry and family history. Clinical manifestations include painful vaso-occlusive crises, anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. Treatment includes hydroxyurea, pain management, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplantation (Rees et al., 2019).

Cardiovascular Disorders

Petechiae and Purpura

Petechiae and purpura are signs of bleeding disorders, often associated with thrombocytopenia, vasculitis, or clotting abnormalities. They indicate capillary fragility or platelet dysfunction (George et al., 2020).

Polycythemia Vera

Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by excessive RBC production, leading to increased blood viscosity. Clinical manifestations include headaches, dizziness, pruritus, and thrombotic complications. Treatment includes phlebotomy, low-dose aspirin, and cytoreductive therapy (Tefferi et al., 2021).

Hypertension and Cardiac Output

Hypertension is influenced by non-modifiable factors like age and modifiable factors such as obesity, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle. Cardiac output, defined as the product of heart rate and stroke volume, is critical for tissue perfusion. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular events (Whelton et al., 2018).

Cor Pulmonale and Congestive Heart Failure

Cor pulmonale is right ventricular failure due to chronic pulmonary hypertension, commonly caused by COPD. Congestive heart failure (CHF) involves impaired cardiac output, leading to pulmonary and systemic congestion. Symptoms include dyspnea, peripheral edema, and fatigue. Treatment includes diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers (McMurray et al., 2019).

Category	Condition	Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Pulmonary Disorders	Pulmonary Edema	Fluid accumulation in alveoli; symptoms include dyspnea, crackles, and frothy sputum.
	Pulmonary Embolism	Thrombus in pulmonary artery; symptoms include sudden dyspnea, chest pain, and tachycardia.
	Pneumothorax	Air in pleural space causes lung collapse; symptoms include sudden chest pain and dyspnea.
	Tuberculosis	Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; symptoms include chronic cough, night sweats, and weight loss.
Hematologic Disorders	Leukemia	Malignancy of hematopoietic cells; symptoms include anemia, infections, and bleeding tendencies.
	Anemia	Reduced RBCs/hemoglobin; symptoms include fatigue, pallor, and dyspnea.
	Pernicious Anemia	B12 deficiency; symptoms include neurological deficits and glossitis.
	Sickle Cell Anemia	Hemoglobin S polymerization; symptoms include vaso-occlusive pain crises and jaundice.
Cardiovascular Disorders	Hypertension	Increased vascular resistance; modifiable risk factors include obesity and smoking.
	Cor Pulmonale	Right ventricular failure due to lung disease; symptoms include peripheral edema and dyspnea.
	Congestive Heart Failure	Impaired cardiac output; symptoms include fluid retention and dyspnea.

References

George, J. N., et al. (2020). Clinical implications of thrombocytopenia and bleeding disorders. Blood Reviews, 34, 100695.

Kassebaum, N. J. (2020). Global burden of anemia. The Lancet Haematology, 7(2), e131-e144.

Konstantinides, S. V., et al. (2020). Management of pulmonary embolism. European Heart Journal, 41(4), 543-603.

Light, R. W. (2021). Pleural diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

McMurray, J. J., et al. (2019). Heart failure guidelines. European Journal of Heart Failure, 21(3), 365-375.

Meyer, N. J., et al. (2020). Pathophysiology of pulmonary edema. Chest, 158(5), 1892-1903.

Rees, D. C., et al. (2019). Management of sickle cell disease. The Lancet, 394(10201), 1773-1786.